Carlson, Erik S. Upadhyaya, Pramod Villalta, Peter W. Ma, Bin Hecht, Stephen S. Analysis and Identification of 2′-Deoxyadenosine-Derived Adducts in Lung and Liver DNA of F‑344 Rats Treated with the Tobacco-Specific Carcinogen 4‑(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone and Enantiomers of its Metabolite 4‑(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and its metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are carcinogenic in animal models and are believed to play an important role in human lung carcinogenesis for cigarette smokers. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of these tobacco-specific nitrosamines produces reactive species that alkylate DNA in the form of pyridyloxobutyl (POB)- or pyridylhydroxybutyl (PHB)-DNA adducts. Understanding the formation mechanism and overall levels of these adducts can potentially enhance cancer prevention methods through the identification of particularly susceptible smokers. Previous studies have identified and measured a panel of POB- and PHB-DNA base adducts of dGuo, dCyd, and Thd; however, dAdo adducts have yet to be determined. In this study, we complete this DNA adduct panel by identifying and quantifying levels of NNK- and NNAL-derived dAdo adducts <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. To accomplish this, we synthesized standards for expected dAdo-derived DNA adducts and used isotope-dilution LC-ESI<sup>+</sup>-MS/MS to identify POB adducts formed <i>in vitro</i> from the reaction of 4-(acetoxymethylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNKOAc) with calf thymus DNA. Adduct levels were then quantified in lung and liver DNA of rats chronically treated with NNK or NNAL for 50 weeks using similar LC-MS detection methods. The <i>in vitro</i> studies identified <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-POB-dAdo and <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>-POB-dIno as products of the reaction of NNKOAc with DNA, which supports our proposed mechanism of formation. Though both <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-dAdo and <i>N</i><sup>1</sup>-dIno adducts were found <i>in vitro</i>, only <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-dAdo adducts were found <i>in vivo</i>, implying possible intervention by DNA repair mechanisms. Analogous to previous studies, levels of <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-POB-dAdo and <i>N</i><sup>6</sup>-PHB-dAdo varied both with tissue and treatment type. Despite the adduct levels being relatively modest compared to most other POB- and PHB-DNA adducts, they may play a biological role and could be used in future studies as NNK- and NNAL-specific DNA damage biomarkers. DNA adduct panel;dAdo adducts;N 6;NNAL-specific DNA damage biomarkers;N 1;NNAL-derived dAdo adducts;PHB-DNA base adducts;NNK;LC-MS detection methods;cancer prevention methods;DNA repair mechanisms;calf thymus DNA;Cytochrome P 450-mediated metabolism;POB;LC-ESI;dAdo-derived DNA adducts 2018-04-13
    https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Analysis_and_Identification_of_2_-Deoxyadenosine-Derived_Adducts_in_Lung_and_Liver_DNA_of_F_344_Rats_Treated_with_the_Tobacco-Specific_Carcinogen_4_Methylnitrosamino_-1-_3-pyridyl_-1-butanone_and_Enantiomers_of_its_Metabolite_4_Methylnitrosamino_-1-_3-pyr/6163739
10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00056.s001