Song, Lijiang Jenner, Matthew Masschelein, Joleen Jones, Cerith Bull, Matthew J. R. Harris, Simon Hartkoorn, Ruben C. Vocat, Anthony Romero-Canelon, Isolda Coupland, Paul Webster, Gordon Dunn, Matthew Weiser, Rebecca Paisey, Christopher Cole, Stewart T. Parkhill, Julian Mahenthiralingam, Eshwar Challis, Gregory L. Discovery and Biosynthesis of Gladiolin: A <i>Burkholderia gladioli</i> Antibiotic with Promising Activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> An antimicrobial activity screen of <i>Burkholderia gladioli</i> BCC0238, a clinical isolate from a cystic fibrosis patient, led to the discovery of gladiolin, a novel macrolide antibiotic with potent activity against <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> H37Rv. Gladiolin is structurally related to etnangien, a highly unstable antibiotic from <i>Sorangium cellulosum</i> that is also active against Mycobacteria. Like etnangien, gladiolin was found to inhibit RNA polymerase, a validated drug target in <i>M. tuberculosis</i>. However, gladiolin lacks the highly labile hexaene moiety of etnangien and was thus found to possess significantly increased chemical stability. Moreover, gladiolin displayed low mammalian cytotoxicity and good activity against several <i>M. tuberculosis</i> clinical isolates, including four that are resistant to isoniazid and one that is resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin. Overall, these data suggest that gladiolin may represent a useful starting point for the development of novel drugs to tackle multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The <i>B. gladioli</i> BCC0238 genome was sequenced using Single Molecule Real Time (SMRT) technology. This resulted in four contiguous sequences: two large circular chromosomes and two smaller putative plasmids. Analysis of the chromosome sequences identified 49 putative specialized metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. One such gene cluster, located on the smaller of the two chromosomes, encodes a <i>trans</i>-acyltransferase (<i>trans</i>-AT) polyketide synthase (PKS) multienzyme that was hypothesized to assemble gladiolin. Insertional inactivation of a gene in this cluster encoding one of the PKS subunits abrogated gladiolin production, confirming that the gene cluster is responsible for biosynthesis of the antibiotic. Comparison of the PKSs responsible for the assembly of gladiolin and etnangien showed that they possess a remarkably similar architecture, obfuscating the biosynthetic mechanisms responsible for most of the structural differences between the two metabolites. antimicrobial activity screen;metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters;Mycobacterium tuberculosis H 37Rv Gladiolin;PKS;novel macrolide antibiotic;RNA;SMRT;gladioli BCC 0238 genome;etnangien;gladiolin;chromosome;gene cluster;Burkholderia gladioli Antibiotic 2017-05-22
    https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Discovery_and_Biosynthesis_of_Gladiolin_A_i_Burkholderia_gladioli_i_Antibiotic_with_Promising_Activity_against_i_Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_i_/5077855
10.1021/jacs.7b03382.s001