%0 Journal Article
%A Luo, Yanqi
%A Gamliel, Shany
%A Nijem, Sally
%A Aharon, Sigalit
%A Holt, Martin
%A Stripe, Benjamin
%A Rose, Volker
%A Bertoni, Mariana I.
%A Etgar, Lioz
%A Fenning, David P.
%D 2016
%T Spatially Heterogeneous Chlorine Incorporation in
Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
%U https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Spatially_Heterogeneous_Chlorine_Incorporation_in_Organic_Inorganic_Perovskite_Solar_Cells/3826359
%R 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02065.s001
%2 https://acs.figshare.com/ndownloader/files/5964753
%K halide perovskite absorbers
%K synchrotron-based nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence
%K Spatially Heterogeneous Chlorine Incorporation
%K Cl-containing precursors
%K chlorine
%K CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films
%K film photovoltaic devices
%X Spatial heterogeneities
in the chemical makeup of thin film photovoltaic
devices are pivotal in determining device efficiency. We report the
in-plane spatial distribution and degree of chlorine incorporation
in organic–inorganic lead halide perovskite absorbers by means
of nondestructive synchrotron-based nanoprobe X-ray fluorescence.
The presence of chlorine is positively identified in CH3NH3PbI3 films synthesized with Cl-containing
precursors and as an impurity in some films synthesized with nominally
Cl-free precursors. The impurity may be introduced from precursors
or as contaminants during film synthesis. The films formed from Cl-containing
precursors contain roughly an order of magnitude higher amount of
chlorine, with Cl:I values greater than 0.02 found whether Cl is present
in either the organic or the inorganic precursor for both one- and
two-step fabrication processes. A spatial variation in the Cl incorporation
is observed within single particles and as well as between particles
within a given film, and the standard deviation of the Cl:I ratio
across the films is up to 30% of the average value. Understanding
and controlling the heterogeneous distribution of chlorine in hybrid
perovskite layers may offer a path to improve their photovoltaic performance.
%I ACS Publications