Vetter, Walter Janussen, Dorte Halogenated Natural Products in Five Species of Antarctic Sponges:  Compounds with POP-like Properties? Purified extracts of five species of Antarctic sponges (Demospongiae:  <i>Kirkpatrickia</i> <i>variolosa</i>, <i>Artemisina apollinis</i>, <i>Phorbas glaberrima</i>, and <i>Halichondria</i> sp. and Calcarea:<i> Leucetta antarctica</i>) from King George Island were analyzed by GC/MS for the presence of persistent and lipophilic halogenated compounds to identify bioaccumulative halogenated natural products. Sample extracts were prepared using methods identical for the determination of POPs, namely, microwave-assisted extraction with organic solvents, gel permeation chromatography, and column chromatography on deactivated silica. In addition, samples were treated with sulfuric acid to remove acid-destructible compounds. PCBs were not detectable and only traces of lindane, <i>p</i>,<i>p</i>‘-DDE, and α-HCH were detected in these samples in decreasing order of abundance, underscoring their uncontaminated state. In contrast, 146 brominated compounds were identified by correct isotopic ratios <i>m</i>/<i>z</i> 79 and 81, 50% of which eluted prior to lindane including the most abundant peaks. Each sponge sample contained ≥35 brominated compounds of natural origin, 14 of which were detected in all species. Estimated concentrations ranged from the high ng/kg to mg/kg (air-dried weights) and relative distributions of the same compounds in different sponges were highly variable. The high abundance of these compounds relative to known anthropogenic pollutants strongly suggests a natural origin. Multiple mode (EI-, ECNI-, and PCI-) GC/MS enabled identification of an aliphatic ketone tentatively identified as 1,1,2-tribromo-oct-1-en-3-one, present in all species but highest in <i>Phorbas glaberrima</i>. Several halogenated phenols including 2,4,6-tribromophenol were also abundant in <i>Phorbas glaberrima</i> as were halogenated anisoles in lower relative abundances. The halogenated phenols were analyzed without derivatization. The sample of <i>Halichondria</i> sp. contained the dibromotrichloro monoterpene MHC-1, a recently described environmental contaminant in fish and seals. Retrospective analysis of other marine samples confirmed that 2,4,6-tribromophenol was present in seal blubber from both the Arctic and the Antarctic. The presence of naturally occurring organohalogens such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol and MHC-1 in Antarctic marine invertebrates thus provides a link to their occurrence in marine mammals. GC;Halogenated Natural Products;Phorbas glaberrima;PCI;Halichondria sp;King George Island;gel permeation chromatography;MHC;HCH;DDE;Antarctic marine invertebrates;abundance;tribromophenol;sample;EI;species;POP;ECNI;146 brominated compounds 2005-06-01
    https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Halogenated_Natural_Products_in_Five_Species_of_Antarctic_Sponges_Compounds_with_POP_like_Properties_/3283621
10.1021/es0484597.s001