%0 Journal Article
%A Vetter, Walter
%A Janussen, Dorte
%D 2005
%T Halogenated Natural Products in
Five Species of Antarctic Sponges:
Compounds with POP-like
Properties?
%U https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Halogenated_Natural_Products_in_Five_Species_of_Antarctic_Sponges_Compounds_with_POP_like_Properties_/3283621
%R 10.1021/es0484597.s001
%2 https://acs.figshare.com/ndownloader/files/5121364
%K GC
%K Halogenated Natural Products
%K Phorbas glaberrima
%K PCI
%K Halichondria sp
%K King George Island
%K gel permeation chromatography
%K MHC
%K HCH
%K DDE
%K Antarctic marine invertebrates
%K abundance
%K tribromophenol
%K sample
%K EI
%K species
%K POP
%K ECNI
%K 146 brominated compounds
%X Purified extracts of five species of Antarctic sponges
(Demospongiae: Kirkpatrickia variolosa, Artemisina
apollinis, Phorbas glaberrima, and Halichondria sp. and
Calcarea: Leucetta antarctica) from King George Island were
analyzed by GC/MS for the presence of persistent and
lipophilic halogenated compounds to identify bioaccumulative
halogenated natural products. Sample extracts were
prepared using methods identical for the determination of
POPs, namely, microwave-assisted extraction with
organic solvents, gel permeation chromatography, and
column chromatography on deactivated silica. In addition,
samples were treated with sulfuric acid to remove acid-destructible compounds. PCBs were not detectable and only
traces of lindane, p,p‘-DDE, and α-HCH were detected in
these samples in decreasing order of abundance, underscoring their uncontaminated state. In contrast, 146
brominated compounds were identified by correct isotopic
ratios m/z 79 and 81, 50% of which eluted prior to lindane
including the most abundant peaks. Each sponge sample
contained ≥35 brominated compounds of natural origin, 14
of which were detected in all species. Estimated concentrations ranged from the high ng/kg to mg/kg (air-dried
weights) and relative distributions of the same compounds
in different sponges were highly variable. The high
abundance of these compounds relative to known anthropogenic pollutants strongly suggests a natural origin.
Multiple mode (EI-, ECNI-, and PCI-) GC/MS enabled identification of an aliphatic ketone tentatively identified as 1,1,2-tribromo-oct-1-en-3-one, present in all species but
highest in Phorbas glaberrima. Several halogenated
phenols including 2,4,6-tribromophenol were also abundant
in Phorbas glaberrima as were halogenated anisoles in
lower relative abundances. The halogenated phenols were
analyzed without derivatization. The sample of Halichondria
sp. contained the dibromotrichloro monoterpene MHC-1, a recently described environmental contaminant in fish
and seals. Retrospective analysis of other marine samples
confirmed that 2,4,6-tribromophenol was present in seal
blubber from both the Arctic and the Antarctic. The presence
of naturally occurring organohalogens such as 2,4,6-tribromophenol and MHC-1 in Antarctic marine invertebrates
thus provides a link to their occurrence in marine mammals.
%I ACS Publications