10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00892.s001 Yoon-Jong Moon Yoon-Jong Moon Daeyoung Moon Daeyoung Moon Jeonghwan Jang Jeonghwan Jang Jin-Young Na Jin-Young Na Jung-Hwan Song Jung-Hwan Song Min-Kyo Seo Min-Kyo Seo Sunghee Kim Sunghee Kim Dukkyu Bae Dukkyu Bae Eun Hyun Park Eun Hyun Park Yongjo Park Yongjo Park Sun-Kyung Kim Sun-Kyung Kim Euijoon Yoon Euijoon Yoon Microstructured Air Cavities as High-Index Contrast Substrates with Strong Diffraction for Light-Emitting Diodes American Chemical Society 2016 air cavity volume extraction efficiency CES LEDs Microstructured Air Cavities pattern 2016-04-05 00:00:00 Journal contribution https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Microstructured_Air_Cavities_as_High_Index_Contrast_Substrates_with_Strong_Diffraction_for_Light_Emitting_Diodes/3160435 Two-dimensional high-index-contrast dielectric gratings exhibit unconventional transmission and reflection due to their morphologies. For light-emitting devices, these characteristics help guided modes defeat total internal reflections, thereby enhancing the outcoupling efficiency into an ambient medium. However, the outcoupling ability is typically impeded by the limited index contrast given by pattern media. Here, we report strong-diffraction, high-index-contrast cavity engineered substrates (CESs) in which hexagonally arranged hemispherical air cavities are covered with a 80 nm thick crystallized alumina shell. Wavelength-resolved diffraction measurements and Fourier analysis on GaN-grown CESs reveal that the high-index-contrast air/alumina core/shell patterns lead to dramatic excitation of the low-order diffraction modes. Large-area (1075 × 750 μm<sup>2</sup>) blue-emitting InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated on a 3 μm pitch CES exhibit ∼39% enhancement in the optical power compared to state-of-the-art, patterned-sapphire-substrate LEDs, while preserving all of the electrical metrics that are relevant to LED devices. Full-vectorial simulations quantitatively demonstrate the enhanced optical power of CES LEDs and show a progressive increase in the extraction efficiency as the air cavity volume is expanded. This trend in light extraction is observed for both lateral- and flip-chip-geometry LEDs. Measurements of far-field profiles indicate a substantial beaming effect for CES LEDs, despite their few-micron-pitch pattern. Near-to-far-field transformation simulations and polarization analysis demonstrate that the improved extraction efficiency of CES LEDs is ascribed to the increase in emissions via the top escape route and to the extraction of transverse-magnetic polarized light.