Determinants of Affinity and Activity of the Anti-Sigma Factor AsiA Joshua M. Gilmore Ramona J. Bieber Urbauer Leonid Minakhin Vladimir Akoyev Michal Zolkiewski Konstantin Severinov Jeffrey L. Urbauer 10.1021/bi1002635.s001 https://acs.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Determinants_of_Affinity_and_Activity_of_the_Anti_Sigma_Factor_AsiA/2748586 The AsiA protein is a T4 bacteriophage early gene product that regulates transcription of host and viral genes. Monomeric AsiA binds tightly to the σ<sup>70</sup> subunit of <i>Escherichia coli</i> RNA polymerase, thereby inhibiting transcription from bacterial promoters and phage early promoters and coactivating transcription from phage middle promoters. Results of structural studies have identified amino acids at the protomer−protomer interface in dimeric AsiA and at the monomeric AsiA−σ<sup>70</sup> interface and demonstrated substantial overlap in the sets of residues that comprise each. Here we evaluate the contributions of individual interfacial amino acid side chains to protomer−protomer affinity in AsiA homodimers, to monomeric AsiA affinity for σ<sup>70</sup>, and to AsiA function in transcription. Sedimentation equilibrium, dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic mobility shift, and transcription activity measurements were used to assess affinity and function of site-specific AsiA mutants. Alanine substitutions for solvent-inaccessible residues positioned centrally in the protomer−protomer interface of the AsiA homodimer, V14, I17, and I40, resulted in the largest changes in free energy of dimer association, whereas alanine substitutions at other interfacial positions had little effect. These residues also contribute significantly to AsiA-dependent regulation of RNA polymerase activity, as do additional residues positioned at the periphery of the interface (K20 and F21). Notably, the relative contributions of a given amino acid side chain to RNA polymerase inhibition and activation (MotA-independent) by AsiA are very similar in most cases. The mainstay for intermolecular affinity and AsiA function appears to be I17. Our results define the core interfacial residues of AsiA, establish roles for many of the interfacial amino acids, are in agreement with the tenets underlying protein−protein interactions and interfaces, and will be beneficial for a general, comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of bacterial RNA polymerase regulation. 2010-07-27 00:00:00 phage middle promoters T 4 bacteriophage RNA polymerase activity AsiA function acid side chains monomeric AsiA affinity interface RNA polymerase regulation acid side chain Escherichia coli RNA polymerase transcription activity measurements RNA polymerase inhibition electrophoretic mobility shift residue